Cook the pasta in a large pot of salted water until just al dente. Drain and return it to the same pot off the heat.
While the pasta cooks, heat olive oil in a skillet over medium heat. Brown the ground beef, seasoning with onion powder, garlic powder, Italian seasoning, red pepper flakes, salt, and pepper.
Stir in the tomato paste and marinara sauce and simmer for 5-7 minutes.
Add the meat sauce to the pot with the cooked pasta.
Stir in 1 cup of mozzarella and all of the parmesan until well combined.
Transfer the mixture to a greased 9x13-inch baking dish.
Top with the remaining ½ cup mozzarella and provolone slices or torn buffalo mozzarella.
Bake at 350°F for 20-25 minutes until hot and bubbly. Broil for 1-2 minutes at the end for golden cheese edges if desired.
Let the pasta bake rest for 5-10 minutes before serving. Garnish with fresh basil or parsley, if desired.